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Water essay 10 lines
Water scarcity closely related to water stress or water crisis is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. Two types of water scarcity have been defined: water shortage essay or economic water scarcity. Physical water scarcity is where there is not enough water to meet all demands, including that needed for water shortage essay to function effectively.
Arid areas for example Central and West Asiaand North Africa often suffer from physical water scarcity. Much of Sub-Saharan Africa is characterized by economic water scarcity. The essence of global water scarcity is the geographic and temporal mismatch between fresh water demand and availability. Scarcity can be expected to intensify with most forms of economic developmentbut, if correctly identified, many of its causes can be predicted, avoided or mitigated.
Water scarcity assessments need to incorporate information on green water soil moisturewater qualityenvironmental flow requirements, globalizationand virtual water trade. Options for reducing water scarcity include: supply and demand side management, cooperation between countries, water conservation including prevention of water pollutionexpanding sources of usable water through wastewater reuse or desalination and virtual water trade.
There are several definitions of "water scarcity", "water stress", and "water risk" provided in the literature, and therefore a harmonization has been proposed by water shortage essay CEO Water Mandate in Some organizations define "water stress" as a broader concept.
Under that definition, it would include aspects of water availability, water quality and the accessibility of water. The latter is related to existing infrastructure and whether customers can afford to pay for the water. FAO defines water stress as the symptoms of water scarcity.
Such symptoms could be water restrictionswater conflicts between users, water shortage essay, competition for water and declining standards of service, water shortage essay. Another definition for water stress is as follows: "Water stress refers to the impact of high water use either withdrawals or consumption relative to water availability. Water risk is complex and multidimensional. It includes risks from natural disasters such as flooding and drought, which can lead to infrastructure failure and worsen hunger.
The potential economic effects of water risk are significant. Entire industries, water shortage essay, such as the food and beverage, agriculture, oil and gas, utilities, water shortage essay, semiconductor and industries, are threatened by water risk. To help mitigate water risk, companies can develop water risk management plans. China Water Risk is a nonprofit dedicated to understanding and managing water risk in China.
The Water shortage essay Wildlife Fund has a Water Risk Filter that helps companies assess and respond to water risk with scenarios for and Two types of water scarcity have been defined: physical and economic water scarcity, water shortage essay. These terms were first defined in a wide-ranging study on the use of water in agriculture over the previous 50 years of practitioners, researchers and policymakersoverseen by the International Water Management Institutewith the aim of finding out if the world had sufficient water resources to produce food for the growing population in the future.
Arid regions frequently suffer from physical water scarcity. It also occurs where water seems abundant but where resources are over-committed, such as when there is overdevelopment of hydraulic infrastructureoften for irrigation or energy generation.
Symptoms of physical water scarcity include severe environmental degradationsuch as water pollutionand declining groundwater and water allocations that favor some groups over others. Physical water scarcity results from inadequate natural water resources to supply a region's demand, and economic water scarcity results from poor management of the sufficient available water resources.
According to the United Nations Development Programmethe latter is found more often to be the cause of countries or regions experiencing water scarcity, as most countries or regions have enough water to meet household, industrial, agricultural, and environmental needs, but lack the means to provide it in an accessible manner.
Water is physically scarce in densely populated arid areas for example Central and West Asia, and North Africawith projected availabilities of less than cubic meters per capita per year. Economic water scarcity is caused by a lack of investment in infrastructure or technology to draw water from rivers, aquifers, or other water sources, or insufficient human capacity to satisfy the demand for water. One-quarter of the world's population is affected by economic water scarcity.
Economic water scarcity includes a lack of infrastructure, causing the people without reliable access to water to have to travel long distances to fetch water, water shortage essay is often contaminated from rivers for domestic and agricultural uses irrigation. Investing in water retention and irrigation infrastructure would also help to increase food production, especially in developing countries that largely rely on low-yield agriculture. Although much water shortage essay is put on improving water sources for drinking and domestic purposes, we know that much more water is used for other uses such as bathinglaundrylivestock and cleaning than for drinking and cooking alone.
Relatively simply indicators include: the water use to availability ratio or criticality ratiowater shortage essay, physical and economic water scarcity—The IWMI Indicator, water poverty index. This means that the value for TFWW is divided by the difference between TRWR minus EFR. Previously, a definition used for Millennium Development Goal 7, target 7. A was simply the water shortage essay of total water resources used, without taking into consideration EFR.
Indicators are used to measure the extent of the water scarcity. For example, water shortage essay, according to the "Falkenmark Water Stress Indicator" developed by Malin Falkenmarka country or region is said to experience "water stress" when annual water supplies drop below 1, cubic meters per person per year. When water supplies drop below 1, cubic meters per person per year, the water shortage essay faces "water scarcity". However, water shortage essay, the Falkenmark Water Stress Indicator does not help to explain the true nature of water scarcity.
Renewable freshwater supply is a metric often used in conjunction when evaluating water scarcity. This metric is informative because it can describe the total available water resource each water shortage essay contains. By knowing water shortage essay total available water source, an idea can be gained about whether a country is prone water shortage essay experiencing physical water scarcity.
This metric also does not describe the accessibility of water to individuals, households, industries, or the government. Lastly, as this metric is a description of water shortage essay whole country, it does not accurately portray whether a country is experiencing water scarcity, water shortage essay. For example, Canada and Brazil both have very high levels of available water supply but still, experience various water-related problems.
Water scarcity assessments need to incorporate information on green water soil moisturewater qualityenvironmental flow requirements, globalization, and virtual water trade. They include: Green-blue water scarcity, water footprint-based water scarcity assessment, cumulative abstraction to demand ratio—considering temporal variations, LCA-based water stress indicators life cycle assessmentsintegrated water quantity—quality environment flow in the water scarcity assessment.
Overall, there is a need for collaboration between hydrological, water quality, aquatic ecosystem science and social science communities in water scarcity assessment, water shortage essay. The Water shortage essay Nations UN estimates that, of 1. A mere 0. Of this total amount, 'just' 5, cubic kilometers are being used and reused by humanity.
Technically, there is a sufficient amount of freshwater on a global scale. Hence, in theory, there is more than enough freshwater available to meet the demands of the current world population of more than 7 billion people, and even support population growth to 9 billion or more.
Due to the unequal geographical distribution and especially the unequal consumption of water, however, it is a scarce resource in water shortage essay parts of the world and for some parts of the population.
Apart from the conventional surface water sources of freshwater such as rivers and lakes, other resources of freshwater such as groundwater and glaciers have become more developed sources of freshwater, becoming the main source of clean water. Groundwater is water that has pooled below the surface of the Earth and can provide a usable quantity of water through springs or wells.
These areas where groundwater is collected are also known as aquifers. More and more of these sources are being drawn upon as conventional sources' usability decreases due to factors such as pollution or disappearance due to climate changes.
Human population growth is a significant contributing factor in the increasing use of these types of water resources. Water scarcity was listed in by the World Economic Forum as one of the largest global risks in terms of potential impact over the next decade. Two-thirds of the global population 4 billion people live under conditions of severe water scarcity at least one month of the year. With the increase in global temperatures and in an increase in water demand, six out of ten people are at risk of being water-stressed.
As the global demand for water increases and as climate temperatures rise, it is estimated that two-thirds of the population, water shortage essay, inwill live under water stress. According to a projection by the United Nations, by the yearwater shortage essay, there can be about 4.
Additionally, with the increase in population, there will be a demand for food, for the food output to match the population growth, there would be an increased demand for water to irrigate crops. The crises are not only due to quantity but quality also matters, water shortage essay.
Symptoms of water scarcity can be serious restrictions on use, growing conflict between water shortage essay and competition for water, declining standards of reliability and service, water shortage essay, harvest failures and food insecurity, water shortage essay. Abstraction of water for domestic, food and industrial uses has major impacts on ecosystems in many parts of the world.
This can apply even to regions not considered "water scarce". The resulting water overuse that is related to water scarcity, often located in areas of irrigation agriculture, harms the environment in several ways including water shortage essay salinitynutrient pollutionand the loss of floodplains and wetlands.
Through the last hundred years, more than half of the Earth's wetlands have been destroyed and have disappeared. Freshwater lakes such as the Aral Sea in central Asia have also suffered. Once the fourth largest freshwater lake, it has lost more than 58, water shortage essay, square km of area and vastly increased in salt concentration over the span of three decades. Subsidence, or the gradual sinking water shortage essay landforms, water shortage essay, is another result of water scarcity.
The U. Geological Survey estimates that subsidence has affected more than 17, square miles in 45 U. states, 80 percent of it due to groundwater usage. Vegetation and wildlife are fundamentally dependent upon adequate freshwater resources. Marshesbogs and riparian zones are more obviously dependent upon sustainable water supply, but forests and other upland ecosystems are equally at risk of significant productivity changes as water availability is diminished.
In the case of wetlands, considerable area has been simply taken from wildlife use to feed and house the expanding human population. But other areas have suffered reduced productivity from gradual diminishing of freshwater inflow, as upstream sources are diverted for human use. Water is the underlying tenuous balance of safe water supplybut controllable factors such as the management and distribution of the water supply itself contribute to further scarcity.
A United Nations report focuses on issues of governance as the core of the water crisis, saying "There is enough water for everyone" and "Water insufficiency is often due to mismanagement, corruption, lack of appropriate institutions, bureaucratic inertia and a shortage of investment in both human capacity and physical infrastructure".
It has also been claimed, primarily by economists, that the water situation has occurred because of a lack of property rightsgovernment regulations and subsidies in the water sector, causing prices to be too low and consumption too high, making a point for water privatization. The clean water crisis is an emerging global crisis that affects approximately million people around the world. Around fifty years ago, the common perception was water shortage essay water was an infinite resource.
At that time, there were fewer than half the current number of people on the planet. People were not as wealthy as today, consumed fewer calories and ate less meat, so less water was needed to produce their food.
They required a third of the volume of water we presently take from rivers. Today, the competition for water resources is much more intense. This is because there are now seven billion people on the planet, their consumption of water-thirsty meat is rising, and there is increasing competition for water from industryurbanization water shortage essay crops, and water reliant food items.
In the future, even more water shortage essay will be needed to produce food because the Earth's population is forecast to rise to 9 billion by Inthe world population was 6. The UN estimates that, bythere will be an additional 3.
Essay on Water crisis in Pakistan CSS/PMS .Current affair
, time: 14:27Water scarcity - Wikipedia
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